Elevated carbon dioxide and temperature effects on soil properties from sole crops and intercrops
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Climate change is associated with more intense phases of heat, drought or precipitation that can have a negative impact on soil properties. Our goal was to understand if elevated CO 2 (eCO 2 ) and temperature (eT), and a multicomponent (eCO 2 eT) climate effect will influence soil properties from cereal‐legume intercrops differently compared to sole crops. We hypothesized that cereal‐legume intercrops can regulate climate effects, causing soil properties and greenhouse gas fluxes to be similar to ambient climate conditions. eT and eCO 2 eT decreased soil organic carbon (C) ( p = .001) and nitrogen (N) ( p = .003) but increased ( p = .011) soil nitrate in all crop systems, compared to ambient conditions. For crop systems, soil ammonium was lower ( p = .001) with all climate effects, but nitrate was greater ( p = .011) with eCO 2 and eCO 2 eT compared to ambient conditions. The microbial community had a preferential ( p = .024) consumption of C 3 sources in the sole crops. Climate effects also influenced how C and N were accessed by microbes in all crop systems, shifting ( p = .001) species richness and microbial community structure. CO 2 fluxes were greater ( p = .001) with eT and eCO 2 , whereas N 2 O fluxes were greater ( p = .005) with eCO 2 and eCO 2 eT. However, greenhouse gas fluxes from the intercrop were similar between eT or eCO 2 eT and ambient conditions. For soil properties, we rejected our hypothesis since cereal‐legume intercrops did not have an advantage over sole crops to cope with single‐ and multicomponent climate effects, but we partially accepted our hypothesis since greenhouse gas fluxes were similar between AMB and eT or eCO 2 eT.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".