Non-Invasive Confocal Fluorescence Imaging of Mice Beyond 1700 nm Using Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Light scattering by biological tissues sets a limit to the penetration depth of high-resolution optical microscopy imaging of live mammals in vivo . An effective approach to reduce light scattering and increase imaging depth is by extending the excitation and emission wavelengths to the > 1000 nm second near-infrared (NIR-II), also called the short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) window. Here, we developed biocompatible core-shell lead sulfide/cadmium sulfide (PbS/CdS) quantum dots emitting at ~1880 nm and superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPD) for single-photon detection up to 2000 nm, enabling one-photon fluorescence imaging window in the 1700-2000 nm (NIR-IIc) range. Confocal fluorescence imaging in NIR-IIc reached an imaging depth of ~ 800 μm through intact mouse head, and enabled non-invasive imaging of inguinal lymph nodes (LNs) without any surgery. In vivo molecular imaging of high endothelial venules (HEVs) with diameter down to ~ 6.6 μm in the lymph nodes was achieved, opening the possibility of non-invasive imaging of immune trafficking in lymph nodes at the single-cell/vessel level longitudinally.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".