A new nonlinear model to describe the degradation law of the mechanical properties of lead‐rubber bearings under high‐speed horizontal loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In last two decades, the base isolation technology has been increasingly used around the world to mitigate the seismic response of structures. Among several different isolation devices, lead-rubber bearings (LRBs) became a widely used option as a result of their superior performance. However, during earthquakes with long period and duration, the temperature of the lead core in LRBs increases. This reduces the characteristic strength of the core and causes the degradation of the horizontal mechanical properties of the LRBs. This paper presents a new nonlinear hysteretic model that describes the degradation law of the horizontal mechanical properties of LRBs accurately under earthquakes with long period and long duration. Press-shear tests of a full-scale LRB were conducted to obtain the horizontal mechanical properties under normal-speed horizontal loading and high-speed horizontal loading conditions. The speed and duration of these tests are adjusted to match the maximum speed and duration of loading which isolators would typically experience under earthquakes with long period and long duration. The degradation relationships for the horizontal mechanical properties of LRBs were obtained from the experimental results. The generalized Bouc–Wen model was selected to capture this degradation. By modifying the Bouc–Wen model with the introduction of new parameters and by calibrating the resulting model using the experimental data, this paper provides a new speed-dependent nonlinear hysteretic model for LRBs. This model can describe the degradation law of the horizontal mechanical properties of LRBs accurately. This in turn will enable more accurate seismic analysis of isolated structures under long-period and long-duration earthquake waves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".