Aux nouvelles frontières de la notion de marque (To the New Frontiers of the Concept of Trademark)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
French Abstract: Le legislateur federal canadien en 2014 et celui de l’Union europeenne en 2015 sont venus prevoir une nouvelle definition des signes pouvant etre enregistres a titre de marques. La presente contribution se propose de presenter l’evolution de la notion de « marque » et l’etat prospectif de celle-ci. Cette etude permettra de mettre en evidence que les changements ne sont pas aussi importants que ce qu’ils peuvent laisser paraitre au premier abord. Tout au long de nos developpements, nous evoquerons le droit canadien, le droit de l’Union europeenne et parfois le droit americain afin de comparer l’evolution du cadre canadien avec ses principaux partenaires economiques. Dans un premier temps, nous presenterons les nouvelles approches statutaires de la notion de marque. L’abandon de certaines definitions formalistes et la fonctionnalisation de la notion sont a saluer. Les nouvelles definitions presentent neanmoins un certain nombre de defis, notamment pour la protection de la liberte du commerce et la liberte d’expression. Nous nous proposons ainsi d’analyser les « nouveaux » domaines auxquels le droit de marque s’est etendu, que ce soit les signes visuels non traditionnels ou les signes sensoriels non visuels. Enfin, nous presenterons les enjeux poses par certains nouveaux types de marques qui sont nes des environnements numeriques, notamment les emojis et les mots-clics. English Abstract: Canada in 2014 and European Union in 2015 came up with a definition for signs that could be registered as trademarks. This essay presents the evolution of the notion of mark as well as its upcoming developments. The paper argue those changes are not as important as they may seem at first glance. Throughout the developments, the paper will discuss Canadian law, European Union law and sometimes US law, in order to compare the evolution of the Canadian framework with its main economic partners. First, the paper will present the statutory approaches to the notion of trademark. If the abandon of the formalistic approach in favour of a functional one is to be welcomed, the definitions, however, present a number of challenges, including the protection of freedom of commerce and freedom of expression. The essay thus propose to analyze the new domains to which trademark law was extended, whether it is the non-traditional visual signs or the non-visual sensory signs. Finally, we will present the challenges raised by some types of trademarks that have emerged from digital environments such as emoji and hashtags.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.023 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".