Structural performance of sandwich wall made of concrete cast in between GFRP facings
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The structural performance of concrete walls reinforced with pultruded glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) ribbed plates on either side has been experimentally investigated. The GFRP plates were used as a stay-in-place (SIP) structural formwork replacing internal steel reinforcement. The pultruded flat plates incorporated 51 mm deep T-shape ribs on one side, spaced at 100 mm, which provided interlocking with concrete. Six 3000 × 616 mm panels, either 150 or 200 mm thick, were tested in bending ( M), under axial compression ( N) and under combined loads to establish the completed ( M- N) failure envelope of the wall. The effect of surface treatment of the GFRP forms was also investigated. It resulted in full composite action with no concrete slip, reaching 30% higher flexural strength than untreated panels. The effect of reinforcement ratio was studied by varying wall thickness. In all panel tests, diagonal concrete shear cracking occurred and propagated into a horizontal delamination above the GFRP ribs. Slenderness effect and secondary moments were accounted for in developing the ( M- N) interaction curve. Initially, M increased by 25% as N increased from zero to 17% of pure axial strength. Then, M reduced linearly to zero at pure N as concrete crushing occurred when the GFRP compression plate separated from the ribs and buckled outwards at midspan. A simplified design approach is also presented.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it