Free‐ranging male northern map turtles use public information when interacting with potential mates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Sperm competition is prevalent in animals, and many adaptations have evolved to reduce its risk. Males can reduce the risk of sperm competition by using public information when interacting with potential mates. Specifically, males can reduce sperm competition by avoiding females already affiliated with rival males. We tested this hypothesis in a population of wild northern map turtles ( Graptemys geographica ), a gregarious species with seemingly prevalent sperm competition. We used 3D‐printed decoys and underwater videography to record the response of free‐ranging males to female decoys affiliated or not with rivals. More visits were made by males to female decoys when rivals were present, suggesting a form of eavesdropping during mate selection. Males were more likely to interact with the female decoy, however, when rivals were absent, suggesting that they behave to reduce sperm competition. Moreover, the types of interactions differed between the accompanied and the unaccompanied female decoys, indicating an audience effect during male–female interactions. Finally, males interacted more with the male decoys than with the female decoys in the treatment with rivals, indicating a yet unclear form of male–male interaction. Collectively, our results suggest that free‐ranging male northern map turtles use public information for mate selection and to reduce sperm competition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".