Caffeine coingested with carbohydrate on performance recovery in national-level paddlers: a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Caffeine enhances muscle glycogen resynthesis postexercise; however, the next-day effects on recovery are unknown. The present study aimed to examine the effects of carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation with or without caffeine (CAF) 24-h following exhaustive exercise on time trial performance in elite paddling athletes. METHODS: Nine highly trained male paddlers (21±2 y) completed three experimental trials in a randomized, double-blind, crossover manner. Following an exhaustive exercise session (20-km timed paddle) participants ingested: 1) 0.6 g/kg of carbohydrate (CHO); 2) 0.6 g/kg of carbohydrate with 6 mg/kg of caffeine (CAF+CHO); or 3) placebo (PLA), at four time-points (immediately after, and 2, 6, and 12-h postexercise) in addition to their typical dietary intake. After 24 h, 5 attempts of on-water 500-m paddling time-trial was performed, and the average time was recorded. Blood samples were taken at rest and following both the 20-km and the 5×500 m exercise to determine changes in plasma cortisol, insulin, and glucose. RESULTS: There was a significant main effect of condition (P<0.001), with post-hoc analysis revealing that both CHO conditions (CHO: 98.7±2.8 s, P=0.0003; CAF+CHO: 97.9±2.3 s, P=0.0002) were significantly faster compared to PLA (101.0±3.1 s); however, CAF did not augment time trial performance compared to CHO (P=0.16). There was no significant condition by time interactions for glucose, cortisol, or insulin before and after the 20-km depleting exercise and 500-m time trial. CONCLUSIONS: In elite male paddlers, CHO, independent of caffeine, enhanced time trial performance 24 hours following exhaustive exercise.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".