Free-surface disturbances due to the submersion of a cylindrical obstacle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We explore the initial perturbations that form on a liquid free surface as a result of the submersion of a circular cylinder beneath the surface, a scenario that arises in a number of diverse applications. The behaviour of the free surface is determined by transforming the equations of motion of the system via the Wehausen scheme, to variables for the free surface. A small-time series expansion is utilized to construct a recursive scheme that can be implemented numerically, and the time frame over which this approximation is valid is analysed. The resulting numerical model allows one to extend the results in the literature to study arbitrary cylinder sizes, including those where the cylinder is close to the free surface, and arbitrary cylinder motions. Of particular interest in this study was identifying the conditions under which strong jets would appear, and those were the free surface exhibited gravity waves. The formation of a central jet is found to be related to the growth of secondary, nonlinear waves, which rapidly merge as the obstacle is submerged. Classification maps are presented as a function of obstacle size and submersion speed, to identify the conditions which lead to jetting. Furthermore, the acceleration profile of the cylinder is shown to significantly affect the conditions under which jets form, which we argue is due to the rate at which energy is injected into the system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".