Chemical leavening and other baker’s yeast substitutes: overview of patents filed between 1833 and 2019
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary The aim of this study was to review general trends in the patent literature on baker’s yeast substitutes, including chemical leavening and gas injection. Overall, 494 unique inventions were described in patents filed over about 200 years, between 1833 and 2019. About two‐thirds of patented inventions targeted acid‐reacting materials, and the rest was on non‐specific protection of active ingredients (13%), gas injection such as in the aerated bread process (12%), gas‐releasing agents like sodium bicarbonate (9%) and miscellaneous dough improvers, including flavouring agents and nutrients (4%). Drawbacks included off‐taste and potentially non‐healthy residues such as aluminium. Most baker’s yeast substitutes were dry chemical preparations, so‐called baking powders, that mainly allowed easy and cheap production of miscellaneous fat‐ and sugar‐rich foods such as cakes, and probably contributed to the popularity of the latter. Applications included ready‐to‐use dry bakery mixes and refrigerated doughs. Yeast substitutes were originally developed for bread in England and perfected later for fat‐rich bakery foods, mainly in the United States. where inventors owned 59% of total patents. Specific aspects of baker’s yeast substitutes will be fully covered in companion articles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".