Impact of Post-Quantum Hybrid Certificates on PKI, Common Libraries, and Protocols
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this work, we assessed the impact of post-quantum (PQ) cryptography on public key infrastructure (PKI). First, we modified a commercially available certification authority (CA) to issue 'hybrid' certificates (X.509 certificates with PQ extensions). Then we assessed the impact of using these certificates on some existing protocols, including TLS, OCSP, CMP, and EST, with open-source libraries OpenSSL and CFSSL, and with a commercially available cryptographic toolkit. We found that most of the protocols and libraries we tested worked with hybrid certificates, and some of the failures could be overcome with minor modifications to the existing software. Our work differentiates from and extends previous work by focusing on the impact of PQ algorithms on certificate issuance, revocation, and management protocols, which are necessary for enterprises to manage PKI in their environments. The impact on TLS is also investigated, allowing consistency with previous results to be evaluated.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it