Impact of Post-Quantum Hybrid Certificates on PKI, Common Libraries, and Protocols
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this work, we assessed the impact of post-quantum (PQ) cryptography on public key infrastructure (PKI). First, we modified a commercially available certification authority (CA) to issue 'hybrid' certificates (X.509 certificates with PQ extensions). Then we assessed the impact of using these certificates on some existing protocols, including TLS, OCSP, CMP, and EST, with open-source libraries OpenSSL and CFSSL, and with a commercially available cryptographic toolkit. We found that most of the protocols and libraries we tested worked with hybrid certificates, and some of the failures could be overcome with minor modifications to the existing software. Our work differentiates from and extends previous work by focusing on the impact of PQ algorithms on certificate issuance, revocation, and management protocols, which are necessary for enterprises to manage PKI in their environments. The impact on TLS is also investigated, allowing consistency with previous results to be evaluated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.016 | 0.089 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".