Fate of Fugitive Natural Gas in Heterogeneous Near‐Surface Sediments in a Region of Extensive Petroleum Resource Development
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Fugitive natural gas released in the subsurface from leaking oil and gas wells can affect groundwater quality and generate significant greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. We released natural gas into a Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) groundwater system located in an area of petroleum resource development. Through 55 depth‐discrete monitoring points installed up to 26 m deep, we tracked spatiotemporal evolution of dissolved gases over 760 days. Fugitive gas was diverted and mostly retained in the subsurface by capillary barriers, resulting in highly irregular distribution and dissolution of multicomponent gas constituents. Gas wetness changed significantly during migration, although stable‐carbon isotope ratios did not. We expect that where a surface diamict is present, typical of the WCSB, a significant portion of fugitive gas released from leaky wells will be retained in the subsurface, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere but inferring greater risk on groundwater.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".