Kalium rhodopsins: Natural light-gated potassium channels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We report a family of K + channels, kalium channelrhodopsins (KCRs) from a fungus-like protist. Previously known potassium channels, widespread and mainly ligand- or voltage-gated, share a conserved pore-forming domain and K + -selectivity filter. KCRs differ in that they are light-gated and they have independently evolved an alternative K + selectivity mechanism. The KCRs are potent, highly selective of K + over Na + , and open in less than 1 millisecond following photoactivation. Their permeability ratio P K /P Na of ∼ 20 make KCRs powerful hyperpolarizing tools that suppress excitable cell firing upon illumination, demonstrated here in mouse cortical neurons. KCRs enable specific optogenetic photocontrol of K + gradients promising for the study and potential treatment of potassium channelopathies such as epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, and long-QT syndrome and other cardiac arrhythmias. One-Sentence Summary Potassium-selective channelrhodopsins long-sought for optogenetic research and therapy of neurological and cardiac diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".