Dose-dependent toxicological effects in rats following a 90-day dietary exposure to PCB-156 include retinoid disruption
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The toxicity of PCB-156 (2,3,3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl) was investigated in rats following subchronic dietary exposure. Groups of 10 male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered PCB-156 in the diet at 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 or 10 ppm for 90 days. Dose-dependent increases were detected for the liver, lung and kidney weights, as well as for the liver EROD, PROD and UDPGT enzyme activities and liver uroporphyrin concentration. Dose-dependent decreases were observed in final body weight, body weight gain, and thymus weight. Apolar retinoid concentrations were decreased in the liver and lungs and increased in the kidneys. Histopathological examination of the liver, thyroid, and thymus showed mild to moderate dose-related changes. A LOAEL of 0.01 ppm was established, based on reduced apolar liver retinoid concentration. Benchmark dose-modelling corroborated the sensitivity of liver retinoid endpoints. The lower confidence limits (BMDL) for a 5% decrease in apolar liver retinoid concentrations were 0.0009 and 0.0007 ppm, respectively, in males and females, corresponding to a daily dose of 0.06 μg PCB-156 per kg body weight. Organizing dose-response data for the individual hepatic endpoints along the PCB-156 dosing scale revealed a sequence of events compatible with a causal link between depletion of apolar retinoids and the other liver biochemistry and pathology findings. Taken together, data suggest that the retinoid endpoints should be further evaluated for a causal relationship to PCB-induced liver toxicity and that retinoid system endpoints are identified and characterized to support health risk assessment in the emerging research fields of endocrine disruption and mixture toxicology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".