Bibliographic record
Abstract
Qian Zhongshu was a master of Chinese belles letters and an influential translator in China. This thesis discusses Qian Zhongshu’s role as an important translator and focuses on reviewing both his translation theory and practice. This thesis consists of five parts. The first part introduces the subject. The second part presents Qian Zhongshu’s translation theory. The third part presents his translated works and analyses with examples of his translations. The fourth part discusses the influence of Qian Zhongshu’s translation. The last part concludes this paper. Qian Zhongshu’s study of translation began early and was a life-long occupation. The development of his translation theory can be divided chronologically into four periods: the thirties, the forties, the late sixties and the seventies of the 20th century. This paper presents Qian’s different ideas on advancing translation theory at different periods of time. His translated works, Selected Works of Mao Zedong, Mao Zedong’s Poems, and countless quotations from the literatures of foreign languages, will all be reviewed. His theory regarding faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance and his theory of sublimation is below analyzed in detail with examples of his translations. His translations show his outstanding translating strategies and skills. Qian Zhongshu’s sublimation theory settles the long lived argument between literal translation and liberal translation, foreignization and domestication. In short, Qian’s translation theory and practice are indispensable parts of a Chinese translation system, which deserves study. Keywords: Qian Zhongshu; translation theory; translation practices; sublimation
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".