The Association of Bullous Pemphigoid With Atopic Dermatitis and Allergic Rhinitis—A Population-Based Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although bullous pemphigoid (BP), atopic dermatitis (AD), and allergic rhinitis (AR) are associated with shared pathogenic mechanisms the epidemiological relationship between these conditions remains to be investigated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the bidirectional association of BP with AD and AR. METHODS: A population-based retrospective cohort study was performed comparing BP patients (n = 3924) with age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched control subjects (n = 19,280), with respect to incident cases of AD and AR. A case-control design was additionally adopted to assess the odds of BP in individuals with a preexisting diagnosis of AD and AR. RESULTS: The odds of BP was increased after a preexisting diagnosis of AD (fully adjusted odds ratio, 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44-2.15; P < 0.001) and AR (fully adjusted odds ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.28; P = 0.047). Patients with BP were at an increased risk of subsequent AD (fully adjusted hazard ratio, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.60-2.51; P < 0.001) but not AR (fully adjusted hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.83-1.20; P = 0.997). Compared with other patients with BP, those with BP and comorbid AD and AR were more frequently managed by adjuvant drugs and long-term systemic and topical corticosteroids and had decreased all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: A history of AD and AR confers susceptibility to the development of BP. Awareness of this association may be of help for physicians managing patients with these diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".