Political and Popular Dissent and Evasion Under Rwanda's Presidents Grégoire Kayibanda and Juvénal Habyarimana (1962-1990)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Because of the long shadow the 1994 genocide casts on Rwanda-focused scholarship, pre-genocide Rwanda and its actors, structures and broad trends are often misconstrued. In particular, to explain the structure, scale and efficiency of the killings in 1994, a number of scholars claim that the First Republic under Gregoire Kayibanda and the Second Republic under Juvenal Habyarimana were strong authoritarian regimes to which Rwandans, elites and ordinary citizens alike, responded obediently. Building on prior research and drawing on new archival and interview material, the paper argues that these claims are wrong. The paper contends that interpretations of state and regime strength, as well as state-society relations at the time need to be revisited. It proposes to take a new look at power structures and relations in pre-genocide Rwanda, from a formal and informal standpoint, shedding much needed light on some of the networks of power and authority parallel to state structures. It also proposes to map authoritarian structures and practices, but just as importantly to look at how these were perceived and engaged with by Rwandans. Doing so, it aims to bridge more statist historical work on Rwanda with a focus on society, showing how -- as David and Catharine Newbury called for scholars to rediscover -- peasants and other actors played a very real and political role, impacting state resilience.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".