COVID-19 and Its Implications on Social Engagement, Physical Activity, and Psychological Well-Being for Older Adults with Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has drastically disrupted daily routines, imposing rules such as social distancing and isolation that limit flexibility in one's social environment. These restrictions may spur the rate of cognitive decline in older adults, increasing the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and exacerbating symptoms. These mandates may also hinder physical activity engagement, further increasing risk of mental health problems and accelerating cognitive decline. As social interaction and physical activity form components of cognitive reserve, older adults may now face higher risk of AD and faster AD progression. This paper will review the literature examining how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the rate of cognitive decline in older adults in terms of AD pathology in three domains: social, physical, and psychological factors. Methods: This systematic review summarizes the literature examining the relationship between social engagement, physical activity, and psychological well-being on cognitive decline in older adults. Electronic databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PsycINFO) were searched with the following keywords: "COVID-19, social isolation, Alzheimer's, cognitive decline, physical activity, social, psychological". Results: Social engagement and physical activity can reduce the rate of cognitive decline and decrease the risk of AD and other dementias.? Given that social, physical, and psychological factors have been impacted by pandemic restrictions, studies show this may result in greater cognitive decline in the years to follow. This is exacerbated due to the comorbidity between psychological distress and AD symptoms. Discussion: The results of this study can be further explored to develop an intervention that can mitigate the negative effects of pandemic restrictions in individuals with AD. Overall, preventative strategies targeting factors of cognitive reserve should be urgently implemented for disadvantaged populations with a focus on older adults. Conclusion: Clarifying the relationship between the COVID-19 restrictions and its effects on cognitive decline in AD will improve the health and well-being of older adults in the present and future. Understanding these effects on cognitive decline in AD has broader implications regarding individual responses to COVID-19 restrictions, and its associations with social engagement, physical activity, and psychiatric disorders in aging.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".