Bibliographic record
Abstract
Apart from the uncertainty associated with changes in the demand for gas, the discussion oninternational gas markets is dominated by the question of gas production from unconventional sources,including shale. Because the acquisition and use of shale gas in the United States had a significantimpact on the economy and led to a significant gas prices fall, reduction of production costs and theincrease of the economy competitiveness as well as many other effects known as “shale revolution”.European Union is currently absorbed by the discussion of shale gas use in the EU energy sector. Onthe one hand, there are many positive effects of “shale revolution” in the United States and Canada, theexploitation of shale gas can reduce the dependence on gas imports from Russia and increase energysecurity. But on the other hand, shale gas is indicated as a potential threat to the environment, includingthe possibility of groundwater contamination. This article is an attempt to find answers to the following questions: – whether the European Unioncountries possessing potential shale gas resources will decide to explore them and to what extent,– what the potential effects of the “European shale revolution” for the individual countriesas well as for the whole European Union are, – what the prospects for shale gas to be included incommon energy policy are, or whether decisions in this matter will remain the sovereign responsibilityof EU countries?It seems that shale gas is an opportunity for the EU energy sector; however, its exploitation and usagewill depend primarily on attitude of EU members, their energy mixes and the standpoint of theEuropean Union regarding this issue.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".