Bibliographic record
Abstract
Whose state was the Grand Duchy of Lithuania? The late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries witnessed a dramatic geopolitical change in eastern Europe. While the Mongols took over the eastern and northern parts of the former Kyivan realm, the rest of the region, with the notable exception of Galicia, eventually found itself within the boundaries of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. That process reached its pinnacle during the rule of Grand Dukes Gediminas (1316–41) and Algirdas (1345–77), whose power extended to most of present-day Belarus, Ukraine, and even some parts of Russia. By the mid-fifteenth century, the ratio of Lithuanian ethnic territories to those settled by Eastern Slavs in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was 1:12. In the fourteenth century most of the Rurikid princes in the southwestern part of the former Kyivan realm were either deposed or forced to recognize the authority of the Grand Duke of Lithuania. Most scholars assume that the political takeover was largely peaceful, but there are sources that indicate major military confrontations between the Lithuanians and the Rus′. A case in point is the alleged capture of Kyiv by Gediminas, reported in a much later chronicle account. Unfortunately, we have very few sources from the fourteenth century to rely on. Gediminas was probably the first Lithuanian ruler to call himself Rex Letvinorum et Ruthenorum and refer to his realm as regnum Letuinorum et (multorum) Ruthenorum . His son Algirdas added to his title the Rus′ designation “grand prince” ( velykyi kniaz′ ).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.025 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".