Sleepy and Anxious: Sleep and State/Trait Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Literature Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Sleep deprivation is a growing global concern, especially in adolescents and younger adults. Specifically, research on the loss of sleep has shown various negative consequences in neurobiological and cognitive functions. Sleep disturbances and mental health disorders have been linked, with sleep disturbances being a symptom of/risk factor for various mental health disorders. However, the relationship between sleep and anxiety remains unclear. The purpose of this review is to investigate the relationship between sleep deprivation and anxiety, namely, its role in state anxiety, trait anxiety, and the formation of anxiety disorders in adolescents and younger adults. Methods: Primary sources of literature were found through the PubMed and Web of Science databases. Articles investigating the relationship between sleep deprivation, state/trait anxiety and anxiety disorders from within the last two decades were chosen and reviewed. Results: The literature shows that acute sleep deprivation is linked to increased state anxiety with adolescents being disproportionately vulnerable to the consequences of a lack of quality sleep. Studies show that individuals with higher trait anxiety have poorer sleep quality which may negatively affect emotional processing. The exact nature of the relationship between sleep deprivation and anxiety disorder development is mixed, but the available literature suggests that the relationship is reciprocal. Discussion: Although there has been an established link between anxiety and sleep deprivation, the mechanisms through which these occur need to be further understood. Findings suggest that sleep quality is affected by a change in the HPA-axis, which can increase cortisol production, a change that has been associated with poorer processing speed. It was also found that adolescents, especially early adolescents, are more vulnerable to the emotional consequences of sleep deprivation than adults are. An expansion of the current literature is required to understand the relationship between sleep and anxiety disorders. Conclusion: More research in this field for younger populations is required to develop effective preventative measures and treatments for anxiety. Future studies should also consider a multiple disciplinary approach from social and developmental research to fully understand the factors that affect sleep in adolescents and its relationship to anxiety and anxiety disorders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.011 | 0.012 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".