Influence of environmental parameters on habitat use by sympatric freshwater eels <i>Anguilla marmorata</i> and <i>Anguilla japonica</i> on Yakushima Island, Japan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is known that environmental parameters, such as water depth, size of substrate material, and current velocity, influence the organization of stream fish communities. However, few studies have investigated the effects of these parameters on the sympatric freshwater eels. Here, the habitat use of two anguillid eels, the Indo-Pacific eel (Anguilla marmorata Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) and the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica Temminck and Schlegel, 1846), coexisting in the same river systems in Japan, was investigated. It was found that the tropical species A. marmorata exclusively used habitats with larger substrate materials, fewer fallen leaves and less leaf detritus, higher current velocity, and lower turbidity than the temperate species A. japonica, and the distributions of the two anguillid eels were clearly segregated. Thus, when both species co-occur in the same river systems, clear flowing mainstems and tributaries are preferred habitats for A. marmorata, whereas stagnant muddy estuaries, backwater areas, irrigation channels, and reservoirs are preferred habitats for A. japonica. These habitat segregations were consistent as body size increased and life-stage developments from elver to yellow eel and did not show ontogenetic shifts. The findings indicated that both species had strong habitat preferences, and these environmental parameters must be considered in the conservation of anguillid eels in sympatric zones.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".