A Comparison of the Topside Electron Density Measured by the Swarm Satellites and Incoherent Scatter Radars Over Resolute Bay, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Electron density measured at high latitudes by the Swarm satellites is compared with the measurements by the RISR incoherent scatter radars as the satellites fly by the radars' field of views near Resolute Bay, Canada between 2014 and 2019. More than 200 satellite passes crossing multiple radar beams are considered. Overall, the Swarm‐based electron densities are smaller than those measured by the radars by ∼30%. The values are closer to one another at electron densities between and , corresponding to plasma frequencies between 1.5 and 3.5 MHz. Swarm‐measured values are getting progressively smaller than those measured by radars at larger electron densities/plasma frequencies. For the entire range of measured electron densities, the slope of the best fit linear line to the data expressed in terms of electron density is ∼0.62 and offset is . Stronger differences between the instruments were found for observations at nighttime and dawn.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".