The Other Side of the Renminbi: Applying Robert Cox’s Critical Theory to the China-Latin American Relations l O Outro Lado do Renminbi: Aplicando a Teoria Crítica de Robert Cox às Relações entre China e América Latina
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Through literature review and thematic analysis, I investigated the main material capacities, ideas and institutions forming the economic relationship between China, Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). I analyzed the flows of Chinese foreign direct investment, finance and trade into the region, the conflicts caused by Chinese companies and the social forces they involve. I found that this relationship is concentrated in primary sectors, contributing to an inter-industry logic between LAC and China, and deepening an export model based on commodities, which causes considerable environmental impacts in the region. The narrative presented by Chinese and Latin-American leaders, however, is that their cooperation promotes “common development”. I concluded that, despite China’s economic importance to LAC, their relationship perpetuates a pattern of inequality and dependency similar to that of traditional Western powers. Nevertheless, oppressed social forces in the region have been resisting this pattern and developing strategies to build a fairer alternative. Keywords: China; Latin America and the Caribbean; Critical Theory. RESUMO Através de revisão bibliográfica e análise temática, esta pesquisa investigou as principais capacidades materiais, ideias e instituições que formam a relação econômica entre China, América Latina e Caribe (ALC). Eu analisei os fluxos chineses de investimento estrangeiro direto, finanças e comércio, os conflitos causados por empresas chinesas e as forças sociais envolvidas. Descobri que essa relação está concentrada em setores primários, contribuindo para uma lógica interindustrial entre ALC e China, e para o aprofundamento de um modelo de exportação baseado em commodities, causando consideráveis impactos ambientais. A narrativa apresentada por líderes chineses e latino-americanos, porém, é que sua cooperação promove o “desenvolvimento comum”. Concluo que, apesar da importância econômica da China para a ALC, seu relacionamento perpetua um padrão de desigualdade e dependência semelhante ao das potências ocidentais tradicionais. Entretanto, as forças sociais oprimidas latino-americanas têm resistido a esse padrão e desenvolvido estratégias para construir uma alternativa mais justa. Palavras-chave: China; América Latina e Caribe; Teoria Crítica. Recebido em: 02/04/2021 | Aceito em: 04/06/2021.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.025 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".