Prevalence and Patterns of Risk of Osteoporosis in Bangladeshi Adult Population: An Analysis of Calcaneus Quantitative Ultrasound Measurements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
(1) Objectives: A little is known about the prevalence of the “risk of osteoporosis (RO)” and the factors associated with RO among Bangladeshi adults. Using a cost-effective testing tool, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of RO and find the association between age, gender, and morbidity with RO among adults in Bangladesh. (2) Results: Among 526 subjects, the prevalence of RO was 37.3%. Gender (p =< 0.001), age (p = 0.003), diabetes (p = 0.003), cardiovascular disease (p =< 0.001) and multimorbidity (p =< 0.001) were associated with RO. The causal relationships, by adjusting confounders in the associations of RO and other variables, were depicted graphically. (3) Conclusion: The pattern of association between gender and age with RO was different and exclusive. Different approaches might be needed to alleviate the high burden of RO considering the subjects’ age, gender, and multimorbidity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".