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Record W3204728705 · doi:10.5167/uzh-204884

Exploiting alternative cell death mechanisms to overcome drug resistance in leukemia

2017· dissertation· en· W3204728705 on OpenAlexfundno aff
Júlia Aguadé-Gorgorió

Bibliographic record

VenueZurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · 2017
Typedissertation
Languageen
FieldBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
TopicCell death mechanisms and regulation
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersCanadian Institutes of Health ResearchUniversität ZürichNovartis FoundationSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungNational Science Foundation
KeywordsDrug resistanceDrugLeukemiaResistance (ecology)Programmed cell deathComputational biologyMedicineBiologyComputer sciencePharmacologyApoptosisImmunologyGeneticsEcology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Children diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have nowadays a favorable prognosis, with around 80% achieving long term survival.However, around 20% of patients suffer relapse, leading to a dismal prognosis.One of the leading causes of relapse in ALL is the development of drug resistance through the dysregulation of cell death mechanisms.Impaired apoptosis is frequent in cancer and leads to a decreased response to standard chemotherapies.We and others hypothesized that inducing alternative cell death mechanisms such as necroptosis could prevent or circumvent drug resistance in such malignancies.Indeed, we identified the SMAC (second mitochondria derived activator of caspases) mimetic (SM) birinapant as a potent inducer of apoptosis and necroptosis in a subset of resistant and high risk ALL patient-derived samples.Responsive samples could be selected according to their expression of TNFR2 (tumor necrosis factor receptor 2), which is required for SM response.Furthermore, we identified a novel role of TNFR2 in the regulation of TNFR1-and RIP1-dependent cell death in leukemia.RIP1 is a central regulator of cell survival and cell death by both apoptosis and necroptosis.To assess whether inducing RIP1-dependent cell death could circumvent resistance, we screened a panel of Band T-ALL patient-derived samples for their response to the SM birinapant and identified a subset of B-ALL cases which showed exquisite sensitivity.By combining the lentiCRISPR gene editing technology with in vivo drug selection we determined that SM induce RIP1-dependent apoptosis and necroptosis simultaneously, challenging the common concept that necroptosis is only activated in the context of apoptosis inhibition.Finally, we show that inactivation of RIP1 in ALL does not confer resistance to commonly used chemotherapeutic agents, suggesting that RIP1 targeting agents will provide therapeutic options that have not been exploited for this disease so far.The identification of molecular markers to preselect patients with a high likelihood to respond to novel targeted therapies such as SM is required in order to translate their use to clinical practice.TNFR2 scored among the best correlating genes associated with SM response by gene expression profiling, and its expression predicted the response to SM in an independent cohort.We discovered that TNFR2 promotes TNFR1-and RIP1-dependent cell death.Consequently, CRISPR-mediated TNFR1 and TNFR2 knockout patient-derived cells were resistant to birinapant.In absence of TNFR2, RIP1 is not recruited to TNFR1 upon treatment with SM, indicating that TNFR2 is an essential upstream regulator of RIP1-mediated cell death.Overall, our work highlights the importance of developing RIP1-targeting strategies to induce necroptosis and circumvent drug resistance in ALL, and identifies SM as promising agents for the treatment of specific subsets of ALL patients.Finally, the unexpected function of TNFR2 in this context provides new leads for further investigation of this important cell death pathway.Zusammenfassung Kinder mit akuter lymphatischer Leukämie (ALL) haben heutzutage eine Langzeitüberlebensrate von 80% und damit eine gute Prognose.Etwa 20% der Kinder erleiden jedoch ein Rezidiv, welches meist mit einer ungünstigen Prognose einhergeht.Einer der Gründe für ein ALL-Rezidiv ist die Resistenzentwicklung gegen Chemotherapeutika durch die Dysregulation von Zelltodmechanismen.Beeinträchtigungen der Apoptose sind in verschiedensten Krebsentitäten zu finden und führen zu einer verringerten Reaktion auf Standardchemotherapeutika. Es wird angenommen, dass die Induktion alternativer Zelltodmechanismen, wie der Nekroptose, Resistenzen verhindern oder umgehen könnte.Tatsächlich konnten wir Birinapant, ein SMAC-mimetic (SM, second mitochondria derived activator of caspases), als potenten Aktivator von Apoptose und Nekroptose in einer Kohorte von resistenten und hochrisiko-klassifizierten ALL-Patientenproben identifizieren.RIP1 ist ein zentraler Regulator von Apoptose, Nekroptose und Zellüberleben.Zum Beweis, dass Resistenzen durch die Induktion von RIP1-abhängigem Zelltod umgangen werden können, haben wir eine Kohorte von B-und T-ALL Patientenproben auf ihre Birinapant-Sensitivität getestet.Wir konnten dabei eine Subgruppe von B-ALL Fällen identifizieren, welche eine hohe Sensitivität zeigten.Durch die Kombination von Gen-Knockouts mittels CRISPR-Technologie und einer in vivo Selektion durch Birinapant konnten wir zeigen, dass SMAC-mimetics RIP1-abhängige Apoptose und Nekroptose simultan induzieren.Diese Beobachtung steht im Gegensatz zu der allgemeinen Annahme, dass Nekroptose ausschliesslich in Apoptose-inhibierten Zellen auftreten kann.Des Weiteren konnten wir zeigen, dass die Inaktivierung von RIP1 in ALL nicht direkt zur Resistenz gegen klassische Chemotherapeutika führt, wodurch RIP1 potentielle therapeutische Optionen bietet, welche bisher noch nicht für ALL validiert wurden.Die Identifikation von molekularen Markern zur Selektion von Patienten, die mit einer hohen Wahrscheinlichkeit auf neue Therapien wie SM reagieren, ist wichtig um ihre Effektivität in der Klinik vorherzusagen.Von den hier untersuchten Genen zeigte TNFR2 (tumor necrosis factor receptor 2) die höchste Korrelation mit der SM-Sensitivität.TNFR2 ist für die SM-Reaktion erforderlich und wir konnten dessen Expression zur Selektion von Birinapant-sensitiven Proben in einer unabhängigen Kohorte nutzen.Des Weiteren konnten wir zeigen, dass TNFR2 den TNFR1-und RIP1-abhängigen Zelltod aktivieren kann und das TNFR1-und TNFR2-Knockouts zu einer Birinapant-Resistenz in Patientenproben führen.In Abwesenheit von TNFR2 ist die SM-abhängige RIP1 Rekrutierung durch TNFR1 inhibiert, was darauf hinweist, dass TNFR2 ein essentieller Regulator des RIP1-vermittelten Zelltodes ist.Zusammengefasst beweist unsere Arbeit, wie wichtig die Entwicklung von RIP1-spezifischen Strategien zur Induktion von Nekroptose ist, welche die Umgehung von Resistenzen in ALL ermöglichen können.Wir konnten zeigen, dass SM vielversprechendee Wirkstoffe für einen spezifischen Subtyp der ALL sind.Schlussendlich ermöglicht auch die unerwartete Rolle von TNFR2 in diesem Kontext neue Ansätze zur Erforschung dieses wichtigen Zelltod-Signalweges.

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How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.001
Threshold uncertainty score0.005

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0010.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.009
GPT teacher head0.225
Teacher spread0.216 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designBench or experimental
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations0
Published2017
Admission routes1
Has abstractno

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