Impact Load Effects on Post-Installed Anchors: An Experimental Investigation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The experimental study was carried out to assess the suitability of three proprietary postinstalled anchors from Simpson Inc. for use under high strain-rate loading, such as blast loadings, in both tension and in shear.The anchors investigated included two torquecontrolled expansion anchors (Strong Bolt ® 2, Wedge-All ® ) and a screw anchor (Titen HD ® ) .While three different diameters (6.4 mm, 9.5 mm and 12.7 mm) of the Strong Bolt ® 2 and Titen HD ® anchors were investigated, only two diameters (9.5 mm and 12.7 mm) of Wedge-All ® anchors were investigated.The anchor capacities under static loading conditions with average strain rate of 3.0 × 10 - 4 /s were compared with those for impact-loads with average strain rate of 1 /s to define a Dynamic Increase Factor (DIF).The failure modes under both conditions were also assessed to ascertain the change as the loading rate increased.For tensile loading, the results show that the Wedge-All ® and 6.4-mm diameter Strong Bolt ® 2 anchors may not be suitable for dynamic loading conditions.The Titen HD ® as well as the 9.5-mm and 12.7-mm diameter Strong Bolt ® 2 anchors are suitable for high strain-rate loading of up to 1 /s.The torque-controlled expansion anchors failed predominantly in pull-through failure mode under the high strain-rate loading conditions even though they failed in a variety (steel fracture failure, concrete breakout and beam splitting) of modes under static loading condition.The Titen HD ® anchors failed predominantly in a mixed pull-out and concrete breakout mode under both static and high strain-rate loading conditions.Under high strain rate shear loading, the 9.5-mm and 12.7-mm diameter anchors (Strong Bolt ® , Wedge-All ® and Titen HD) were found to be suitable for dynamic loading iii conditions.The predominant failure modes for anchors under shear loading, both under static loading and high strain-rate, was steel fracture failure.Dynamic increase factors (DIF) of 1.1 and 1.2 are recommended for Titen HD and the 9.5mm and 12.7-mm diameter Strong Bolt 2 anchors respectively for high strain rate up to 1 /s under tension loading.A DIF of 1.2 is recommended for the Titen HD anchors while DIFs of 1.0 and 1.2 are recommended for the 9.5-mm diameter and 12.7-mm diameter respectively for Strong Bolt 2 and Wedge-All anchors under shear loading up to strain rate of 1.0 /s.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".