Longitudinal relaxation in fat‐water mixtures and its dependence on fat content at 3 T
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Longitudinal ( T 1 ) relaxation of triglyceride molecules and water is of interest for fat‐water separation and fat quantification. A better understanding of T 1 relaxation could benefit modeling for applications in fat quantification and relaxation mapping. This work investigated T 1 relaxation of spectral resonances of triglyceride molecules and water in liquid fat‐water mixtures and its dependence on the fat fraction. Dairy cream and a safflower oil emulsion were used. These were diluted with distilled water to produce a variety of fat mass fractions (4.4% to 35% in dairy cream and 6.3% to 52.3% in safflower oil emulsion). T 1 was measured at room temperature at 3 T using an inversion recovery STimulated Echo Acquisition Mode (STEAM) MR spectroscopy method with a series of inversion times. T 1 variations as a function of fat fraction were investigated for various resonances. A two‐component model was developed to describe the relaxation in a fat‐water mixture as a function of the fat fraction. The T 1 of water and of all fat resonances studied in this work decreased as the fat fraction increased. The relative variation in T 1 was different for each fat resonance. The T 1 of the methylene resonance showed the least variation as a function of the fat fraction. The proposed two‐component model closely fits the observed T 1 variations. In conclusion, this work clarifies how the T 1 of major and minor fat resonances and of the water resonance varies as a function of the fat fraction in fat‐water mixtures. Knowledge of these variations could serve modeling, analysis of MRI measurements in fat‐water mixtures, and phantom preparation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".