LiHEA: Migrating EEG Analytics to Ultra-Edge IoT Devices With Logic-in-Headbands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Traditional cloud computing of raw Electroencephalogram (EEG) data, particularly for continuous monitoring use-cases, consumes precious network resources and contributes to delay. Motivated by the paradigm shift of edge computing and Internet of Things (IoT) for continuous monitoring, we focus on this paper on the first step to carry out EEG edge analytics at the last frontier (i.e., the ultra-edge) of our considered cyber-physical system for ensuring users’ convenience and privacy. To overcome challenges due to computational and energy resource constraints of IoT devices (e.g., EEG headbands/headsets), in this paper, we envision a smart, lightweight model, referred to as Logic-in-Headbands based Edge Analytics (LiHEA), which can be seamlessly incorporated with the consumer-grade EEG headsets to reduce delay and bandwidth consumption. By systematically investigating various traditional machine and deep learning models, we identify and select the best model for our envisioned LiHEA. We consider a use-case for detecting confusion, representing levels of distraction, during online course delivery which has become pervasive during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. We apply a unique feature selection technique to find out which features are triggered with confusion where delta waves, attention, and theta waves were announced as the three most important features. Among various traditional machine and deep learning models, our customized random forest model demonstrated the highest accuracy of 90%. Since the dataset size might have impacted the performance of deep learning-based approaches, we further apply the deep convolutional generative adversarial network (DCGAN) to generate synthetic traces with representative samples of the original EEG data, and thereby enhance the variation in the data. While the performances of the deep learning models significantly increase after the data augmentation, they still cannot outperform the random forest model. Furthermore, computational complexity analysis is performed for the three best-performing algorithms, and random forest emerges as the most viable model for our envisioned LiHEA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".