Cardiac structures in marine animals provide insight on potential directions for interventions for pediatric congenital heart defects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite recent advances in pediatric diagnosis and surgical intervention, mortality and morbidity continue to be a prevalent issue in both tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). Therefore, novel approaches to studying both of these conditions are warranted. Investigating cardiac anatomical features of different species in the animal kingdom that are similar to the defects and complications present in ToF and HLHS (as well as others) could serve as a new avenue for improving the management of congenital heart diseases (CHD). This review reveals that although some structures found in HLHS and ToF are pathological, similar structures can be found in diving mammals and reptiles that are adaptive. Pathological aortic dilation in CHD resembles the aortic bulb present in diving mammals, but the latter is more elastic and distensible compared with the former. The unrepaired HLHS heart resembles the univentricular heart of non-crocodilian reptiles. Right ventricle hypertrophy is pathological in HLHS and ToF, but in contrast, adaptive in crocodilians and diving mammals. Lastly, the increased pulmonary resistance due to pulmonary stenosis in ToF is comparable with increased pulmonary resistance in crocodilians due to the presence of an active valve proximal to the pulmonary valve. Some of these anatomical structures could potentially be adapted for palliative surgery in children with HLHS or ToF. Moreover, further investigating the underlying molecular signals responsible for the adaptive tissue responses seen in other species may also be useful for developing novel strategies for preventing some of the complications that occur after surgical repair in both of these congenital heart diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".