Ship Detection and Classification in EO/IR VHR Satellite Imagery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ship detection and classification in very high resolution (VHR) EO/IR satellite imagery, as primary objectives, were investigated using multiple techniques. Automated algorithms were developed and their performance was evaluated using different satellite image sources (Pleiades, WorldView-2/3). Performance of ship detection algorithms based on traditional (thresholding and saliency) techniques reached probability of detection 80% for low false alarm rates. Deep learning techniques based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) (YOLOv4 and Mask R-CNN) achieved average precision of 94–95% with 3% of false positives without the need of accurate land and cloud masking. Mask R-CNN also allows accurate determining ship size parameters. The problem of ship and non-ship classification was investigated using traditional and CNN based techniques. Linear Discriminant Analysis, Support Vector Machines and combined classifiers achieved classification accuracies close to 80–90%. At the same time, the usage of a technique based on GoogleNet CNN achieved 99% classification accuracy for ship, small boats and background targets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".