Grain Boundary Engineering with Self-Assembled Porphyrin Supramolecules for Highly Efficient Large-Area Perovskite Photovoltaics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Grain boundary management is critical to the performance and stability of polycrystalline perovskite solar cells (PSCs), especially large-area devices. However, typical passivators are insulating in nature and limit carrier transport. Here, we design a supramolecular binder for grain boundaries to simultaneously passivate defects and promote hole transport across perovskite grain boundaries. By doping the monoamine porphyrins (MPs, M = Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, or H) into perovskite films, MPs self-assemble into supramolecules at grain boundaries. Organic cations in perovskites protonate MPs in supramolecules to form ammonium porphyrins bound on the perovskite grain surface, to passivate defects and extract holes from the perovskite lattice. Periodic polarons in supramolecules (especially NiP-supramolecule) promote the transport of extracted holes across boundaries, reducing nonradiative carrier recombination. The NiP-doped PSCs reveal a certified efficiency of 22.1% for an active area of 1.0 cm2 with the remarkably improved open-circuit voltage and fill factor. The unencapsulated device retained over 80% initial performance under AM 1.5G solar light continuous illumination or heating at 85 °C over 3000 h.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".