Subsistence Production and Commodity Production in the British Imperial Food System: The Case of Nova Scotia Apples
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The history of agriculture in Nova Scotia's Annapolis Valley before the Second World War has mostly been written as a story of the marketing of apples to Britain. Indeed, the valley in the first half of the twentieth century featured the full apparatus of industrial fruit production: grading and inspection systems, mechanical sprayers delivering chemical sprays, expert advice, and an infrastructure of railways, packing houses, storage facilities, and commercial intelligence. Analysis of government and other expert reports, as well as diaries, oral interviews, and census data, reveals that the business of supplying apples to global markets was built on a foundation of household production that mixed commodity crops with the making of crop and animal products for local markets and the growing of food for farm families. For valley farmers, selling on global capitalist markets was only part of a range of strategies for household subsistence. Abstract: L'histoire de l'agriculture dans la vallée de l'Annapolis en Nouvelle-Écosse avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale a surtout porté sur la commercialisation des pommes en Grande-Bretagne. En effet, pendant la première moitié du XXe siècle, la vallée était dotée de tout l'équipement de production fruitière industrielle : systèmes de classement et d'inspection, pulvérisateurs mécaniques dispersant des produits chimiques, conseils d'experts et une infrastructure comprenant des chemins de fer, des usines d'emballage, des entrepôts et des renseignements commerciaux. L'analyse des rapports du gouvernement, ainsi que des journaux intimes, des entretiens oraux et des données de recensement, révèle toutefois que l'approvisionnement des marchés mondiaux en pommes reposait sur une production domestique qui associait les cultures de base à la fabrication de produits végétaux et animaux pour les marchés locaux et à la production de denrées destinées aux familles de cultivateurs. Pour les agriculteurs de la vallée, la vente sur les marchés capitalistes mondiaux ne représentait qu'une partie des nombreuses stratégies de subsistance des ménages.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".