← Back to cohort
Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018
Damaris K. Kinyoki, Aaron Osgood‐Zimmerman, Natalia V. Bhattacharjee, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Alice Lazzar-Atwood, Dan Lu, Samuel B Ewald, Katie M. Donkers, Ian D. Letourneau, Michael L. Collison, Megan F. Schipp, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Sima Abbasi, Nooshin Abbasi, Mitra Abbasifard, Mohsen Abbasi‐Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Sherief Abd‐Elsalam, Amir Abdoli, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Aidin Abedi, Hassan Abolhassani, Biju Abraham, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Ahmed Abualhasan, Eman Abu‐Gharbieh, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Manfred Accrombessi, Maryam Adabi, Oladimeji Adebayo, Adeyinka Emmanuel Adegbosin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji Adetokunboh, Daniel A Adeyinka, Davoud Adham, Shailesh M Advani, Pradyumna Agasthi, Mohammad Aghaali, Sohail Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Keivan Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Budi Aji, Oluwaseun Akinyemi, Addis Aklilu, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Ziyad Al‐Aly, Turki M Alanzi, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde‐Rabanal, Ayinalem Alemu, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Vahid Alipour, Hesam Alizade, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Amir Almasi‐Hashiani, Hesham M. Al‐Mekhlafi, Rajaa Al‐Raddadi, Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán, Fatemeh Amiri, Dickson A Amugsi, Nahla Anber, Robert Ancuceanu, Tudorel Andrei, Mina Anjomshoa, Fereshteh Ansari, Alireza Ansari‐Moghaddam, Zelalem Alamrew Anteneh, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Davood Anvari, Razique Anwer, Muhammad Aqeel, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab‐Zozani, Olatunde Aremu, Habtamu Abera Areri, Al Artaman, Afsaneh Arzani, Malke Asaad, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Ali A. Asadi‐Pooya, Mulusew Andualem Asemahagn, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Zerihun Ataro, Seyyede Masoume Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Atout, Marcel Ausloos, Nefsu Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Muluken Altaye Ayza, Abbas Azadmehr, B B Darshan, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Alaa Badawi, Ashish Badiye, Mohammad Amin Bahrami, Mohan Bairwa, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Palash Chandra Banik, Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki, Miguel A. Barboza, Huda Basaleem, Sanjay Basu, Mohsen Bayati, Bayisa Abdissa Baye, Gholamreza Bazmandegan, Neeraj Bedi, Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma, Isabela M. Benseñor, Kidanemaryam Berhe, Abadi Kidanemariam Berhe, Kidanemariam Alem Berhie, Dinesh Bhandari, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Suraj Bhattarai, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Antonio Biondi, Minyichil Birhanu, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Moses J. Bockarie, Somayeh Bohlouli, Mahdi Bohluli, Archith Boloor, Shiva Borzouei, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Dejana Braithwaite, André R. Brunoni, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Luis Alberto Cámera, Josip Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Félix Carvalho, João Maurício Castaldelli-Maia, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Franz Castro, Müge Çevik, Wagaye Fentahun Chanie, Jaykaran Charan, Souranshu Chatterjee, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Sarika Chaturvedi, Simiao Chen, Ken Lee Chin, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury, Aubrey J. Cook, Vera Marisa Costa, Elizabeth A. Cromwell, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Henok Dagne, Baye Dagnew, Tukur Dahiru, Saad M A Dahlawi, Haijiang Dai, Hancheng Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad, Farah Daoud, Jai K Das, Rajat Das Gupta, Aditya Prasad Dash, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Kairat Davletov, Farah Deeba, Jan‐Walter De Neve, Edgar Denova‐Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Assefa Desalew, Getenet Dessie, Sagnik Dey, Meghnath Dhimal, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Daniel Díaz, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Shirin Djalalinia, Hoa Do, Fariba Dorostkar, Leila Doshmangir, Bereket Duko, André Rodrigues Durães, Lucas Earl, Hisham Atan Edinur, Ferry Efendi, Rajesh Elayedath, Teshome Bekele Elema, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Shaimaa I El-Jaafary, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Aisha Elsharkawy, Yasser M. El‐Sherbiny, Maha El Tantawi, Daniel Adane Endalew, Babak Eshrati, Khalil Eskandari, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Ibtihal Fadhil, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Mohammad Fareed, Pawan Faris, Medhat Farwati, Farshad Farzadfar, Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi, Nazir Fattahi, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Valery L. Feigin, Berhanu Elfu Feleke, Seyed‐Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Pietro Ferrara, Nataliya A Foigt, Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov, Masoud Foroutan, Joel M Francis, Richard C. Franklin, Marisa Freitas, Takeshi Fukumoto, Mohamed M. Gad, Abhay Gaidhane, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Birhan Gebresillassie Gebregiorgis, Tesfay B. B. Gebremariam, Leake Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Assefa Ayalew Gebreslassie, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Bradford D. Gessner, Lemma Getacher, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar, Mansour Ghafourifard, Mahsa Ghajarzadeh, Farhad Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Nermin Ghith, Syed Amir Gilani, Tiffany K. Gill, Myron Anthony Godinho, Philimon Gona, Ayman Grada, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Nachiket Gudi, Davide Guido, Rashid Abdi Guled, Yuming Guo, Rachita Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Arvin Haj‐Mirzaian, Randah R Hamadeh, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Asif Hanif, Arief Hargono, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Md. Mehedi Hasan, Syed Shahzad Hasan, Maryam Hashemian, Abdiwahab Hashi, Shoaib Hassan, Amr Hassan, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Khezar Hayat, Mohamed Hegazy, Reza Heidari‐Soureshjani, Nathaniel J Henry, Claudiu Herţeliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Sousan Heydarpour, Hagos Degefa Hidru, Chi Linh Hoang, Ramesh Holla, Julia Hon, Sung Hwi Hong, Praveen Hoogar, Seyyed Nasrollah Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sorin Hostiuc, Peter J. Hotez, Mowafa Househ, Tanvir Huda, Dawit Hoyiso Huluko Huluko, Syed Ather Hussain, Bing‐Fang Hwang, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena Ilić, Milena Ilić, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Usman Iqbal, M. Mofizul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Chidozie C D Iwu, Farhad Jadidi‐Niaragh, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Vardhmaan Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljević, Amir Jalali, Farzad Jalilian, Manthan D Janodia, Tahereh Javaheri, Ravi Prakash Jha, Oommen John, Kimberly B. Johnson, Jost B. Jonas, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Nitin Joseph, Ankur Joshi, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Tanvir Kahlon, Leila R Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Ashwin Kamath, Zahra Kamiab, Tanuj Kanchan, Umesh Kapil, Neeti Kapoor, Behzad Karami Matin, Salah Eddin Karimi, Ayele Semachew Kasa, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Zemenu Yohannes Kassa, Gebrehiwot G Kassa, Getinet Kassahun, Gbenga A Kayode, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Tibebeselassie Seyoum Keflie, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Bayew Kelkay, Maryam Keramati, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Nauman Khalid, Mohammad Khammarnia, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Maseer Khan, Junaid Khan, Khaled Khatab, Amir M Khater, Mona M Khater, Abdullah T Khoja, Jagdish Khubchandani, Neda Kianipour, Young‐Eun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Sezer Kısa, Adnan Kısa, Tufa Kolola, Ali Koolivand, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Barthélémy Kuate Defo, Nuworza Kugbey, Vaman Kulkarni, G Anil Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Om Kurmi, Dian Kusuma, Ben Lacey, Deepesh Lad, Faris Lami, Iván Landires, Anders Larsson, Savita Lasrado, Matthew B. Laurens, Carlo La Vecchia, Avula Laxmaiah, Paul H. Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Kate E LeGrand, Sonia Lewycka, Bingyu Li, Shanshan Li, Xuefeng Liu, Alan D Lopez, Daiane Borges Machado, Shilpashree Madhava Kunjathur, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, D. Prasad, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Mina Maheri, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Azeem Majeed, Venkatesh Maled, Shokofeh Maleki, Reza Malekzadeh, Déborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah Al Mamun, Fariborz Mansour‐Ghanaei, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Alì Mansournia, Md Dilshad Manzar, Carlos Alberto Marrugo-Arnedo, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins‐Melo, Anthony Masaka, Pallab K Maulik, Benjamin K. Mayala, Medhin Mehari, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Fereshteh Mehri, Kala M. Mehta, Wahengbam Bigyananda Meitei, Teferi Mekonnen, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Mulugeta Melku, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G. Menezes, Meresa Berwo Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Tuomo J Meretoja, Abera Mersha, Workua Mekonnen Metekiya, Tomasz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michałek, GK Mini, Shabir Ahmad Mir, Andreea Mirică, Erkin М Мirrakhimov, Hamed Mirzaei, Maryam Mirzaei, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Sanjeev Misra, Babak Moazen, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Yousef Mohammad, Dara K. Mohammad, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Hayat Maeruf Mohammed, Salahuddin Mohammed, Ammas Siraj Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Jemal Mohammed, Mohammad Ali Mohseni Bandpei, Ali H. Mokdad, Alex Molassiotis, Lorenzo Monasta, Masoud Moradi, Maziar Moradi‐Lakeh, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Abbas Mosapour, Simin Mouodi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Getaneh Baye Mulu, Mehnaz Munir, Moses Muriithi, G. V. S. Murthy, Ghulam Mustafa, Ashraf Nabhan, Mehdi Naderi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Mohsen Naghavi, Gurudatta Naik, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Vinay Nangia, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Smitha Nayak, Vinod C Nayak, Javad Nazari, Rawlance Ndejjo, Ionuţ Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Georges Nguefack‐Tsague, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Diep Ngoc Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Amin Reza Nikpoor, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Vuong Minh Nong, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Vincent Ebuka Nwatah, Tafadzwa Nyanhanda, Bogdan Oancea, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Onome Bright Oghenetega, In‐Hwan Oh, Daniel Micheal Okello, Morteza Oladnabi, Andrew T Olagunju, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Ahmed Omar Bali, Muktar Omer Omer, Abidemi Omonisi, Obinna Onwujekwe, Alberto Ortíz, Eduardo Ortiz‐Panozo, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Mayowa Owolabi, P A Mahesh, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Abhijit Pakhare, Keyvan Pakshir, Adrian Pană, Songhomitra Panda‐Jonas, Anamika Pandey, Seithikurippu R. Pandi‐Perumal, Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan, Deepak Kumar Pasupula, Sangram Kishor Patel, Urvish Patel, Ashish Pathak, George Patton, Hamidreza Pazoki–Toroudi, Jeevan Pereira, Júlia Moreira Pescarini, Hai Quang Pham, Brandon V. Pickering, Saeed Pirouzpanah, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Maarten J. Postma, Faheem Hyder Pottoo, Hadis Pourchamani, Hadi Pourjafar, Hossein Poustchi, Sergio I. Prada, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Navid Rabiee, Ata Rafiee, Fakher Rahim, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Rajesh Kumar, Aashish Rajesh, Pradhum Ram, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Sowmya J Rao, Satish Rao, Prateek Rastogi, Priya Rathi, Lal Rawal, Wasiq Faraz Rawasia, Reza Rawassizadeh, Lemma Demissie Regassa, Robert C. Reiner, Bhageerathy Reshmi, Nima Rezaei, Omid Rezahosseini, Aziz Rezapour, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Daniela Ribeiro, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Jennifer Rickard, Hirbo Shore Roba, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Morteza Rostamian, Susan F. Rumisha, Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera, Siamak Sabour, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Nasir Salam, Marwa Rashad Salem, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Itamar S Santos, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Benn Sartorius, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Deepak Saxena, Alyssa N. Sbarra, David C. Schwebel, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Debarka Sengupta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Allen Seylani, Feng Sha, Omid Shafaat, Saeed Shahabi, Mohammad Shahbaz, Izza Shahid, Masood Ali Shaikh, Mohammed Feyisso Shaka, Ali Shalash, Mahdi Shamali, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Mohammed Shannawaz, Kiomars Sharafi, Amrollah Sharifi, Aziz Sheikh, Abbas Sheikhtaheri, Ranjitha S Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Adithi Shetty, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, Velizar Shivarov, Soraya Siabani, Sudeep K Siddappa Malleshappa, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Balbir Singh, Surya Singh, Yitagesu Sintayehu, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Amin Soheili, Shahin Soltani, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Iyad Sultan, Rafael Tabarés‐Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Amir Taherkhani, Zemenu Tamir, Animut Tagele Tamiru, Md. Ismail Tareque, Abdelghani Tbakhi, Hirut Teame, Yonas Getaye Tefera, Arash Tehrani‐Banihashemi, Yohannes Tekalegn, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Berhane Fseha Teklehaimanot, Mohamad‐Hani Temsah, Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema, Nihal Thomas, Takele Tiki, М. В. Титова, Marcos Roberto Tovani‐Palone, Khanh Bao Tran, Bach Xuan Tran, Rajnish Tripathi, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Phuong N. Truong, Riaz Uddin, Anayat Ullah, Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, Chigozie Jesse Uneke, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Era Upadhyay, Muhammad Usman, Marco Vacante, Alireza Vakilian, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Pascual Valdéz, Yasser Vasseghian, Madhur Verma, Francesco Saverio Violante, Bay Vo, Yohannes Dibaba Wado, Yasir Waheed, Yafeng Wang, Yuan‐Pang Wang, Kinley Wangdi, Andrea Werdecker, Taweewat Wiangkham, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Aimin Wu, Chenkai Wu, Yang Xie, Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Tomohide Yamada, Mingyou Yang, Sanni Yaya, Vahid Yazdi‐Feyzabadi, Tomas Yeheyis, Alex Yeshaneh, Yigizie Yeshaw, Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Paul Yip, Melissa Young, Zabihollah Yousefi, Hebat-Allah Salah A. Yousof, Abdilahi Yousuf, Chuanhua Yu, Yong Yu, Shamsa Zafar, Syed Saoud Zaidi, Zoubida Zaidi, Josefina Zakzuk, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Maryam Zamanian, Alireza Zandifar, Alireza Zangeneh, Михаил Сергеевич Застрожин, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Dejene Tesfaye Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu Zewdie, Yunquan Zhang, Cong Zhu, Arash Ziapour, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Simon I Hay
Bibliographic record
VenueNature Medicine · 2021
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicIron Metabolism and Disorders
Canadian institutionsUniversity of British ColumbiaUniversity of AlbertaCentre for Addiction and Mental HealthMcMaster UniversityInstitute for Clinical Evaluative SciencesMcGill UniversityPublic Health Agency of CanadaUniversity of OttawaYork UniversityMontreal Neurological Institute and HospitalUniversity of WaterlooPopulation Health Research InstituteCentre for Global Health ResearchUniversity of TorontoUniversité de MontréalUniversity of Saskatchewan
FundersNIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreDirektorat Jenderal Pendidikan TinggiNational Health and Medical Research CouncilMedical Research CouncilInstitute for Physical Activity and NutritionNational Institutes of HealthSeqirusHubei UniversityUniversität KasselUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisLembaga Pengelola Dana PendidikanSecretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e InnovaciónDepartment of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, IndiaAutoritatea Natională pentru Cercetare StiintificăUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonRigshospitaletFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas GeraisHubei University of MedicineNational Authority for Scientific Research and InnovationMinistarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog RazvojaUniversiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaUnitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si InovariiKuwait UniversityTeva Pharmaceutical IndustriesDeakin UniversityConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoPublic Health AgencyKermanshah University of Medical SciencesNational Heart Foundation of AustraliaImperial College LondonBritish Heart FoundationIndian Institute of Technology DelhiBHF Centre of Research Excellence, OxfordMinistério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino SuperiorWellcome TrustCancer Research UKNovavaxAmgenPublic Health Agency of CanadaFundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaPfizerBill and Melinda Gates FoundationUniversity of MontanaA.P. Møller og Hustru Chastine Mc-Kinney Møllers Fond til almene FormaalSouth African Medical Research CouncilKasturba Medical College, ManipalYale UniversityUnited Nations Population FundNational Research FoundationNational Institute for Health and Care ResearchUniversity of New South WalesAlexander von Humboldt-StiftungCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorEuropean CommissionAstraZenecaAustralian GovernmentXiamen UniversitySuzhou Municipal Science and Technology BureauSanofi
KeywordsAnemiaLow and middle income countriesMedicineDemographyEnvironmental healthDeveloping countryEconomic growthInternal medicineEconomics
Abstract
Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000-2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15-49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization's Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.002
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.057
Threshold uncertainty score0.114
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.008
GPT teacher head0.267
Teacher spread0.260 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations199
Published2021
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes