Bibliographic record
Abstract
En el curso del Siglo XX, empezando con la Primera Guerra Mundial, Canadá ha llegado a vincularse con Estados Unidos de muchas maneras. Estos vínculos han contribuido a la prosperidad canadiense y a un nivel de vida relativamente alto por todo Norteamérica. A pesar del movimiento nacionalista en Canadá de habla inglesa. en las décadas de 1960 y 1970. la integración económica con Estados Unidos progresó culminando en 1988 en con Acuerdo de Libre Comercio. Este artículo argumenta que. aunque Canadá se ha beneficiado en general de estos lazos económicos bastante estrechos, también hubo impactos negativos. Primero, por su fuerte interés en aumentar comercio con Estados Unidos en los años 1930, 1940 y 1950. los formuladores de política canadienses tendieron a menospreciar las angustias nacionalistas canadienses, y por eso los formuladores de política estadounidense también acabaron menospreciando estos mismos intereses nacionalistas y sus implicaciones e importancia en la relación bilateral. El segundo punto es que la manera en que la integración económica procedió conjuntamente con lazos más estrechos en consideraciones militares hizo más difícil para Canadá desarrollar una política exterior libre de influencias estadounidenses. Tercero. el caso canadiense advierte que. a pesar de acuerdos entre gobiernos, siempre habrá camarillas de cabilderos a nivel regional o sectorial que buscarán la manera de orientar varios aspectos de los acuerdos generales a su propio beneficio. Se recomienda que los formuladores de política externa y de comercio exterior sean cuidadosos respecto a los acomodos racionales a la agenda nacionalista mexicana, y que se protejan contra enmiendas posteriores impuestas por intereses estadounidenses.ABSTRACTn the course of the twentieth century, beginning with World War I, Canada has become closely tied to the United States in a variety of ways. These links contributed to Canadian prosperity and a sharing of the comparatively high North American standard of living. In spite of the nationalist reaction in English Canada in the 1960's and 1970's the economic integration has continued and culminated in the 1988 Free Trade Agreement. This article argues that while Canada generally benefited from closer economic ties there were negative aspects. First. in the haste to build up trade with the U.S. in the 1930's, 1940's, and 1950's. Canadian policymakers tended to downplay Canadian nationalist concerns and thus made it easy for U.S. policymakers to underestimate the nationalist issue and its ramifications for the relationship. Second, the way in which economic integration went ahead side-by-side with closer military ties made it more difficult for Canada to pursue foreign policies free of U.S. influence. Third, the Canadian case warns us that notwithstanding government to government agreements there will always be powerful political, regional or sectorial lobbies in the U.S. which will seek to shape aspects of the general agreement in their favor. It is suggested Mexican policymakers be careful to keep foreign policy and trade issues distinct, and be aware of later amendments to a general free trade agreement by special interests in the U.S.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.024 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.024 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".