Fabrication of Joule heating coating layers by way of flame spraying for membrane distillation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) has been introduced as a water desalination process with high potential. Still, its high energy demand has hindered its progress from becoming a widely used procedure. It has been proposed that the addition of photothermal and Joule heating materials to the membrane structure could improve this method’s energy consumption. The attempts that have been reported so far have failed to integrate this feature inexpensively. In this study, Joule heating coating layers were fabricated on steel sheet substrates. The resistive heating capability of the samples was examined in air and water. The MD experiments indicated that only 80 W of power was needed to trigger water distillation at 2.24 kg/m2 h flux. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis showed that the Joule heating coating layer’s addition did not compromise the quality of the distilled water. The results obtained suggest that MD’s energy consumption could be reduced by integrating Joule heating layers fabricated by way of the widely available flame spraying method.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".