Characterization of the Geothermal Resource at Clarke Lake Field Northeast British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Clarke Lake is a depleted gas fi eld developed in carbonate platform deposits of the Slave Point Formation (Middle Devonian) in northeastern British Columbia, Canada. It displays anomalously high reservoir temperature and strong water drive, making it a candidate for repurposing as a source of geothermal power. Porous and permeable reservoir near the platform margin developed through the hydrothermal alteration of host limestone to dolomite. A geothermal resource requires permeable reservoir rock that allows for fl ow rates that can sustain economic electricity generation. A depositional model in provides a basis for mapping the dolomite reservoir, and thus, permeability. Porosity and permeability measurements can be incorporated in a comprehensive suite of fl ow simulations to test how reinjected water affects geothermal power production. Nine depositional facies and two diagenetic facies are identifi ed, the former based on bioclast assemblages, rock types, texture and composition and the latter based on rock fabric and the degree of alteration to dolomite. Deposition of these facies occurred within lagoonal, reef-fl at and foreslope settings associated with a rimmed carbonate platform. Dolomitized lagoon, reef fl at, reef margin and shoal lithologies show enhanced porosity and permeability due to dissolution of stromatoporoid bioclasts, forming mouldic and vuggy porosity. Diagenetic facies show high permeability but reduced porosity as a result of precipitation of porosity-occluding dolomite, fl uorite, and sulphide minerals. High quality reservoir zones occur primarily at the reef margin, caused by fabric-selective hydrothermal alteration of carbonate sediments near the contact with shales of the Horn River and Muskwa formations. Correlation of core descriptions and wireline log data allow the Slave Point Formation to be separated into successions that infl uenced dolomitization: an initial shoal unit, S1, three subsequent reef units, R1, R2, R3, and terminal shoal units of D1, D2 and D3. Shoal units were deposited in the transgressive systems tracts, whereas reef growth units were deposited in the highstand systems tracts. An initial transgression deposited shoals of the S1 unit across the carbonate platform. i As the rate of relative sea level rise waned, a well-defi ned reef margin developed at the platform edge, which infl uenced depositional energy across the platform top and allowed deposition of reef units (R1, R2, and R3). A subsequent transgression began to drown the reef, during which spatially restricted shoals, D1, D2 and D3, were deposited near the reef margin before the rate of relative sea level rise outpaced the rate of deposition. We assessed the viability of geothermal energy production by simulating the water temperatures in production scenarios that use different operation conditions, well confi gurations and grid sizes, and by applying a Monte Carlo approach to different porosity and permeability realizations. Both an injection-production well doublet and an array of 4 injection and 8 production wells were simulated. Temperature drops at production wells result from a migration of an injected cold water plume and are most strongly related to fl ow rate. Varying fl ow rates result in a temperature drop that ranges from 0.47 to 5.6 °C. Simulations using progressively fi ner grids predict longer thermal breakthrough time compared to coarser grids, while coarser grids predict greater temperature drops at the production well. The impact of thermal breakthrough at a geothermal production well is a reduction of the power potential. Reduced power potentials using doublet production-injection scenarios are 465 kWe at 25 kg/s fl ow rates and 930 kWe at 50 kg/s fl ow rates, compared to baseline results (that assume no thermal breakthrough) of 511 kWe and 1036 kWe, respectively . The four injection-eight production well scenarios estimate a power production of 3456 kWe at 200 kg/s fl ow rates, compared to a baseline result of 4085 kWe without thermal breakthrough.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".