Integrated Transportation, Building, and Electricity System Models to Explore Decarbonization Pathways in Regina, Saskatchewan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Canada, the majority of urban energy demand services the transportation or building sectors, primarily with non-renewable energy sources including gasoline and natural gas. As a result, these two sectors account for 70% of urban greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The objective of this paper is to explore the potential for co-benefits when simultaneously electrifying transportation and building demand sectors while expanding variable renewable energy (VRE) production. The investigation uses a novel integrated framework of the transportation, building, and electricity sectors to represent the operational implications of demand side flexibility on both the demand and supply side of the energy system. This original approach allows for very fine temporal and spatial resolution within models, while still performing a multi-sector analysis. First, the activity-based transportation model produces passenger travel demand profiles, allowing for investigation of potential electricity demand and demand response from electric vehicles with high spatial and temporal resolution. Second, the archetype-based building model predicts electricity demand of the residential building sector, allowing for investigation into demand-side management strategies such as load-shifting, building retrofits, and changes in appliance technology. Third, the electricity system production cost dispatch model is used to model the operations of Regina's electricity grid and has a spatial resolution capable of assessing individual and connected positive energy districts as well as VRE integration. Through linking of these three models, the effects of consumer flexibility in transportation and building energy demand are explored, especially in the context of introducing much needed flexibility for large-scale VRE integration. A utility-controlled demand response (DR) strategy is explored as means for Regina to reach their renewable target, along with battery storage. Various pathways to Regina's target are considered, based on the various proposed scopes of the target. The results show that Regina can meet their renewable target with large-scale rooftop solar and wind capacity. DR strategies are marginally effective in aiding toward the renewable target, but, when implemented in conjunction with battery storage, is able to get Regina to within 1% of their renewable target.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".