Features of Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to explore the structure of cognitive impairment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and to determine the factors associated with its development. Materials and methods. Advanced examination of 64 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus was carried out. Neurological disorders were diagnosed in 54 patients (84.38% of patients). These patients were included in the main study group (group 1). In 10 (15.62% of patients) patients, these manifestations were not found and they entered the control group (group 2). The object of the study was cognitive impairment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. To assess the cognitive status of patients, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale was used, a widely used questionnaire that evaluates cognitive functions across multiple domains. The laboratory study included blood tests to identify the type and titer of antinuclear antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, and antiphospholipid antibodies, in particular, anti-cardiolipin antibodies. Results and discussion. It was found that the complaints that patients usually present to describe impaired cognitive functions (such as "memory deterioration", "memory impairment", "decreased attention", "difficulty concentrating", etc.) were among the most common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Thus, complaints of memory impairments were expressed by 37 patients (57.81% CI 45.71-69.91), impaired attention and concentration – 41 patients (64.06% CI 52.31-75.82), and between these complaints a strong correlation was established (r = 0.83; p <0.001). The results of the examination of patients using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale showed that the average indicator among all examined is 25.0 (22.0; 27.5) points in the main group – 24.0 (22.0; 26.0) points, which is statistically significantly less (p <0.001) compared with the control group – 28.0 (27.0; 29.0) points. It was found that among patients who scored less than 26 points on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale, there was a statistically significant decrease in indicators in the domains of memory, attention, and speech (p <0.001). It was found that there is a correlation between the presence of anti-cardiolipin antibodies with CD (determined by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale) (rs = -0.56; p <0.001), the same correlation was found in relation to lupus anticoagulant (rs = -0.56; p <0.001). Conclusion. Cognitive dysfunction is one of the most common neurological manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Among the examined patients, decrease in indicators in the domains of memory, attention and speech is the most often observed. Cognitive dysfunction may be associated with the production of certain classes of autoantibodies: antiphospholipid antibodies (in particular, anti-cardiolipin antibodies) and lupus anticoagulant
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".