The antagonistic activity of certain fungal endophytes against some phytopathogenic fungi through their metabolites and extracellular enzymes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the qualitative production of extracellular enzymes produced by ten endophytic fungi and to investigate their antifungal potential against some phytopathogenic fungi namely, Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani. In addition, the endophytic fungal isolates were screened for enzyme production by plate assay method. All endophytic fungi were able to produce proteases and cellulases with different levels except Alternaria alternata. Meanwhile, Fusarium, Alternaria, Nigrospora and Phoma species produced amylase. None of the tested endophytic fungi showed laccase production. Endophytic fungi filtrates revealed variable antifungal activities against the tested phytopathogenic fungi with Curvularia lunata filtrate being the most effective. This filtrate induced 48% and 80% growth inhibition of B. cinerea and R. solani, respectively. The phytochemical analysis of the endophytic fungi crude extract disclosed the presence of alkaloids and terpenoids. Morphological observations by optical microscope showed uncommon hyphal deformation and enlargement of cytoplasmic vacuoles of R. solani when treated with C. lunata filtrate. Furthermore, C. lunata (hyphal suspension and filtrate) was examined to control root rot caused by R. solani on faba bean plants in vivo. Both antagonistic treatments significantly reduced root rot severity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".