Wild bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from remote surveys in northern Ontario and Akimiski Island, Nunavut including four new regional records
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) are important pollinators in northern Canada but observations of species occurrences in such remote regions are largely lacking. We report on bee species surveyed across 22 sites in northern Ontario and neighbouring Akimiski Island in Nunavut, using coloured pan traps, Nzi traps, Malaise traps, and hand netting over five years in Ontario and nine years in Nunavut. From morphological identification and DNA barcoding, we identified 30 species from 93 specimens. We document four new occurrence records for Nunavut, Halictus virgatellus Cockerell (Halictidae), Megachile circumcincta (Kirby) (Megachilidae), Megachile melanophaea Smith (Megachilidae), and Osmia paradisica Sandhouse (Megachilidae). Also, we report on a bilaterally gynandromorphic M. melanophaea from Akimiski Island and a new DNA barcode for the rare Osmia nearctica Rightmyer, Griswold and Arduser (Megachilidae). These northern collections represent one of the most comprehensive surveys of wild bees in the southern Hudson Bay region, filling an important biogeographic gap for Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".