Energy exchange analysis of a closed conduit transient mixed flow following an air pocket entrapment using a simplified shock-fitting approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effects of different variables of closed conduit transient partially pressurized flows on the maximum air pressure are investigated from an energy exchange perspective. It was found that when the air length increases, the maximum pressure decreases because a larger portion of the driving energy will be stored as kinetic energy in the pressurized flow and is dissipated by the friction force. In contrast, when the water depth of the free-surface flow increases, the kinetic energy and dissipating energy of the pressurized flow decrease. Thus, the energy absorbed by the air pocket increases, and the maximum pressure increases. However, after a water depth ratio of 0.8, the maximum pressure decreases even though the kinetic energy and dissipating energy decrease. The reason is that the moving interface receives enough energy, and pressurization of the free-surface flow zone occurs. Note that this pressurization was experimentally observed by Hamam and McCorquodale (1982).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".