Comentario sobre Estados Unidos – EPO, Informes del Órgano de Apelación (Case comment on US — COOL, Appellate Body Reports)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spanish Abstract: En marzo del 2012, el Canada y Mexico como reclamantes y los Estados Unidos como demandado, apelaron algunos puntos del informe del Grupo Especial en el asunto Estados Unidos – EPO. El Organo de Apelacion analizo estas apelaciones y confirmo, aunque por razones distintas, la constatacion definitiva del Grupo Especial, que la medida sobre el EPO es incompatible con el articulo 2.1 del Acuerdo OTC (trato nacional). Sin embargo, en el siguiente punto el Organo de Apelacion concluyo que debido a la falta de suficientes hechos en el expediente, no podia completar el analisis juridico en el marco del articulo 2.2 del Acuerdo OTC y evaluar debidamente si la medida sobre el EPO restringe el comercio mas de lo necesario para alcanzar su objetivo legitimo. El Organo de Apelacion tambien se pronuncio respecto al tema de la relacion de la proteccion de los consumidores y el Acuerdo OTC. Este caso es importante porque es la ultima estampa en la trilogia de casos que por primera vez abordan el fondo de cuestiones relacionadas con el Acuerdo OTC. Como ha senalado Brendan McGivern, esta trilogia de juicios son los que abordan por vez primera algunas cuestiones relacionadas con el Acuerdo OTC, y por lo tanto permitiran definir que tipo de medidas pueden adoptar los miembros de la OMC cuando adopten regulaciones tecnicas que se relacionen con el comercio internacional. English Abstract: In March 2012, Canada and Mexico as claimants and the United States as a respondent, appealed some points in the report of the Panel on United States - COOL. The Appellate Body considered these appeals and upheld, albeit for different reasons, the Panel‘s ultimate finding that the COOL measure is inconsistent with Article 2.1 of the TBT Agreement (national treatment). However, on the next point, the Appellate Body concluded that due to lack of sufficient facts contained in the Panel‘s report, could not complete the legal analysis under Article 2.2 of the TBT Agreement and properly assess whether the COOL measure restricts trade more than is necessary to achieve its legitimate purpose. The Appellate Body also ruled on the issue of the relationship between consumer protection and the TBT Agreement. This case is important because it is the last deliver in the trilogy of cases that for the first time addressed substantive issues related to the TBT Agreement. As noted by Brendan McGivern, this case-trilogy is very important because it addresses TBT Agreement issues for the first time, and therefore will shed some light for WTO members to determine which measures can be followed when adopting technical regulations that relate to international trade.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.014 | 0.011 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".