Kinetic Inhibition of CO<sub>2</sub> Hydrate by Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium through Retarded Mass Transfer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The influence of carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC-Na) on the formation kinetics of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) hydrate was investigated by adopting an isothermal and isochoric method. The mass transfer characteristics of CO 2 in the solution of CMC-Na were also investigated. Pure water and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) of different molecular weights were used for comparison. Several parameters, such as the concentration of the additives, the stirring condition, and the temperature, were investigated. The experimental results showed that all the additives had almost no inhibition effects on the nucleation of hydrates when the experimental temperature was 273.25 K and the initial pressure was 3.5 MPa. In contrast, PVP could effectively slow the growth rate of CO 2 hydrate, while CMC-Na could greatly decrease the ultimate amount of the formed hydrate. The inhibition effects of CMC-Na decreased with the decrease of its concentration and totally lost its inhibition effects at the concentration of 0.1 wt % or lower. Under a stirring condition, carbon dioxide hydrate grew faster than that under a static condition. Temperature had nearly no influence on the mass transfer of CO 2 in the solution, and the mass transfer rate of CO 2 in the CMC-Na solution was the slowest among all the samples studied. The formation of hydrate mainly took place at the gas/solution interface. Adsorption and interference to crystal growth were supposed to be the mechanism by which PVP molecules inhibited the growth of the hydrate crystal, while mass transfer resistance was supposed to play a key role in the inhibition of CMC-Na. The experimental results could provide some theoretical guidance for the development of a new type of kinetic hydrate inhibitors and the prevention of hydrate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".