Maturational changes in song sparrow song
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Age‐related changes in the production of sexually selected assessment signals have been identified across a diverse range of taxa, and in some cases, these changes have been shown to affect receiver response to those signals. One important type of change occurs even after a signaler reaches breeding age, a phenomenon known as delayed maturation. Delayed maturation has been observed in the songs of several bird species, with potential fitness consequences for males as a byproduct of female choosiness or male competition. Here, we analyzed songs recorded across the first three years of life in a cohort of hand‐reared song sparrows Melospiza melodia to detect early‐life age‐related changes in song. We focused on three measures of song complexity, including within song type variation, the average number of notes and the number of unique note types for the most common variant of each song type, and five measures of song production patterns, including singing rate, time interval between songs within a bout of the same song type, time interval between bouts (i.e. when the song type changes), within‐song stereotypy and between‐song consistency. All measures of song complexity and most measures of song production patterns (excluding within‐song stereotypy) changed significantly within individuals as birds aged from one to two years as well as from one to three years (excluding within‐bout time interval), whereas no significant changes occurred from two to three years of age. Based on these features, a linear discriminant model could distinguish between the song of young (age 1) and older (age 2 and 3) adult males, providing support that song could serve as an indicator of age in this species. We discuss potential implications of these results for mate choice and male–male competition in song sparrows.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".