In vitro and clinical demonstration of relative velocity measurements with the Flopatch™: A wearable Doppler ultrasound patch
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A hands-free continuous wave (CW) Doppler ultrasound patch has been developed for noninvasive assessment of carotid stroke volume. The patch enables easy, continuous monitoring, which is particularly useful in a fast-paced setting such as the intensive care unit. In vitro validation of the measurement of relative change in velocity was performed with a flow phantom for a maximum velocity range of 10–150 cm/s, showing good agreement, with average errors of 2.1% and 3.9% for constant and pulsatile flow, respectively. In a pilot clinical demonstration, a recording was made during on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. The recorded maximum velocity trace was compared with the peristaltic pulsation frequency, showing that the patch tracked the large changes in pump flow rate. Notably, in the seconds following the changes in pump flow, clear differences were observed, consistent with cerebral autoregulation. Further investigations are ongoing into other metrics of carotid flow and stroke volume, and into the clinical utility of the device for assessing fluid responsiveness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".