Isn't It Time to Shift to Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) for Passenger Claims in Europe?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The trend toward greater passengers’ rights has resulted in new regulations being enacted in Canada and discussed in the US. Despite the enactment of solid frameworks, passengers worldwide are often facing difficulties in enforcing their rights. In fact, any European passenger having faced delay or cancellation of flights knows that obtaining compensation under Regulation 261/2004 is not guaranteed. While all these problems are not new, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the system’s deficiencies, with numerous passengers complaining about their reimbursement (or the lack thereof). These problems raise questions regarding more suitable manners for passengers to claim their compensation. Instead of filing out a form on the airlines’ website or contacting third parties such as CMCs, would online dispute resolution mechanisms (ODR) not be the solution?
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.017 | 0.017 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".