Evaluation of Biochemical Markers of Cardiac Risk in ART-Treated HIV-Infected Adults in Rwanda
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Life expectancy of people living with HIV infection has improved due to access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Rwanda like other African countries. However, both HIV infection and use of ART are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks, due to adverse changes in some biochemical markers, causing dyslipidemia and other metabolic imbalances. The CVD risk associated with metabolic biomarkers that may affect cardiac function with use of the ART, has not been well characterized in Rwanda. We evaluated the association between the use and duration of ART and abnormal changes in biochemical markers of CVD risk among HIV infected adults in Rwanda. Methods Participants were enrolled from HIV Clinics Public Health Centers in a cross-sectional study in Kigali. A total of 150 participants between 18-45 years included 30 HIV-Uninfected (HIV-) and 120 HIV-infected (HIV+) adults. Among the HIV+ adults, 40 participants were ART-naïve. Data were collected on health-related behaviors and biochemical markers of CVD risk. We compared changes in CVD-related biochemical markers between HIV-, HIV+ ART-naïve and HIV+ on ART treatment groups. Results Majority of participants were women (60%), and HIV- were younger (35±6 vs. 31±6 years). We observed differences in levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in HIV+ ART-treated and HIV+ ART-naïve groups. Total cholesterol and triglycerides were associated with use of ART. Serum triglycerides were lower in HIV+ ART-naïve compared to HIV+ on ART treatment (61.20±18.30 mg/dl vs. 85.00±38.30 mg/dl; p< 0.01). While total cholesterol was higher in HIV+ on ART than HIV+ ART-naïve (136.00±45.00 mg/dl vs. 119.00±36.00 mg/dl; p<0.04), HDL-C was associated with longer exposure to ART (68.70±30.00 mg/dl vs. 54.90±25.70 mg/dl; p=0.02) among HIV+ on ART for 0-6 months and 7-12 months respectively. Conclusion Changes in serum total cholesterol and triglycerides were associated with use of ART. Although these changes were within the upper limits of normal ranges, our findings suggest early increases in both biochemical biomarkers of cardiac risk associated. These findings underscore the need for early evaluation of lipid profiles as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk, to effectively monitor how ART may contribute to cardiovascular disease and deter treatment programs in African countries.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".