Class-A prediction of three-sided reinforced concrete culverts and numerical investigation of the supporting strip footing geometry effect
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents three-dimensional finite element analyses conducted to optimise the instrumentation plan for monitoring the structural performance of reinforced concrete three-sided culverts (TSCs). Numerical models were developed for three TSCs with spans of 7.3, 10.4, and 13.5 m to establish the anticipated range of measurements. The TSCs were instrumented with 30 pressure cells and 56 strain gauges. Comparing the numerical predictions with field measurements of the 10.4-m-span TSC verified the adequacy of simulating the concrete behaviour as linear elastic for estimating the applied earth pressures. However, such simplification would lead to underestimating the induced strains in the culvert body in case cracks develop. In addition, Class-A predictions of soil pressures on the culvert were compared with the field measurements of a 7.3-m-span TSC. The calculated soil pressures agreed well with the field measurements. The measured and calculated earth pressures suggest a vertical arching factor of 1.05 at the final backfill height. The influence of the shallow foundation geometry was investigated employing the validated numerical model. It was found that the footing geometry has no influence on the applied earth pressures. However, the calculated stresses below the footing edge on the backfill side decreased as the footing flexibility increased.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it