Varieties of Indirect Rule and Causal Pathways to Maoist Insurgency in India
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter applies the theory to India. I first describe the colonial history of how the British annexed certain Indian states into direct rule and signed treaties with other Indian princes as indirect rule. I then develop a theory of different types of indirect rule within India—a formal type of indirect rule through princely states and an informal type of indirect rule through zamindars/landlords. These different types of colonial indirect rule created different causal pathways of structural inequalities and low state capacity, which persisted through path dependent mechanisms into the postcolonial period to result in Maoist insurgency in the 1980s. The zamindari landlord tenure system created one causal pathway of land/caste inequality and lower bureaucratic penetration in the northern epicenter of insurgency in Bihar/Bengal, while the princely states in central-eastern India created a second causal pathway of exploitation of land and natural resources in tribal areas in Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. I also theorize the role of rebel agency in the form of Maoist leaders and organizations and analyze how the interaction of rebel agency with the structural conditions created by indirect rule creates conjunctural causation for Maoist insurgency.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".