A longitudinal examination of the influence of winning or losing with motivational climate as a mediator on enjoyment, perceived competence, and intention to be physically active in youth basketball
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background In basketball, children’s main reason for playing is to have fun, whereas outcomes such as skill acquisition and long-term development are often perceived by adults as the main motive for children’s engagement in sport. However, no studies have yet examined whether the game outcome could influence motivational variables longitudinally over the course of a season. The novelty of the present study resides in the longitudinal exploration, the multilevel approach, and the analysis of motivational climate as a mediator variable between game outcome and enjoyment, perceived competence, and intention to be physically active.Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze whether under-12 basketball players’ who won versus lost games had different perceptions of their enjoyment, perceived competence, and intention to be physically active throughout a season, considering motivational climate as a mediator.Method The participants were 94 boys and two girls from eight basketball clubs (Mage = 9.72 years, SD = 1.70 years, age range = 9–11 years). The study followed a six months longitudinal design. The independent variable was the game outcome (win-loss). The dependent variables were enjoyment, perceived competence, and intention to be physically active. Motivational climate was a mediator variable. Data were collected at the end of each of the 56 games throughout 14 game days over a basketball formal season. Longitudinal multilevel regression analysis was conducted within player-level and between player-level with the repeated measures representing the game-to-game variability.Results We found that at the within player level, motivational climate mediated the effect of game outcome as follows. On game days, when the game is won, players perceive the climate as more ego-related, which in turn reduced enjoyment and increased perceived competence. On game days, when the game is lost, players perceive the climate as more task-related, which in turn increased enjoyment, perceived competence, and intention to be physically active.Conclusion Game outcomes did not directly affect players’ feelings, but motivational climate mediated the effect between game outcomes and motivational elements within players throughout a season. This study shows that the competitive nature of sport is not a deterrent to youth positive experiences provided adults minimize the emphasis of game outcomes over personal factors such as competence and enjoyment, through motivational climate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".